Papamuri
Mai i te tau 2004, kua tino piki haere te whakamahinga hiko i Haina i tētahi tere kāore i kitea i mua, nā te tere o te tipu o ngā rāngai ahumahi. Nā te korenga nui o te hiko i te tau 2005 i pāngia ai te mahi a te tini o ngā kamupene Haina. Mai i taua wā, kua kaha te haumi a Haina ki te tuku hiko kia ea ai te hiahia o ngā ahumahi, kia mau ai te tipu ōhanga. Ko te kaha whakaputa hiko kua tāutahia mai i te 443 GW i te mutunga o te tau 2004 ki te 793 GW i te mutunga o te tau 2008. Ko te pikinga i roto i ēnei tau e whā he rite ki te kotahi-tuatoru o te kaha katoa o te Hononga o Amerika, arā, 1.4 ngā wā o te kaha katoa o Hapani. I roto i taua wā anō, kua piki ake te whakapaunga hiko ā-tau mai i te 2,197 TWh ki te 3,426 TWh. E matapaetia ana ka eke te whakapaunga hiko o Haina ki te 6,800–6,900 TWh i te tau 2018 mai i te 4,690 TWh i te tau 2011, me te kaha tāuta kua eke ki te 1,463 GW mai i te 1,056 GW i te tau 2011, ko te 342 GW he hiko wai, 928 GW he hiko waro, 100 GW he hiko hau, 43GW he hiko karihi, me te 40GW he hiko māori. Ko Haina te whenua e whakamahi nui ana i te hiko i te ao i roto i 2011.
Te tuku me te tohatoha
Mō te taha tuku me te tohatoha, kua arotahi te whenua ki te whakawhānui i te kaha me te whakaiti i ngā mate mā te:
1. te whakatinana i te tuku hiko hiko tere-teitei (UHVDC) me te hiko hiko hurihuri tere-teitei (UHVAC) tawhiti
2. te tāuta i ngā whakawhiti whakarewa kore-āhua tino whai hua
Te tuku UHV puta noa i te ao
Kua oti kē te hanga i te tuku hiko UHV me te maha o ngā ara iahiko UHVAC ki ngā wāhi rerekē o te ao. Hei tauira, i hangaia te 2,362 kiromita o ngā ara iahiko 1,150 kV i roto i te USSR o mua, ā, kua whakawhanakehia te 427 kiromita o ngā ara iahiko AC 1,000 kV i Hapani (raina hiko Kita-Iwaki). Kei te kitea hoki ngā raina whakamātautau o ngā tauine rerekē i roto i te maha o ngā whenua. Heoi, ko te nuinga o ēnei raina kei te mahi i te ngaohiko iti iho nā te kore e ranea te tono hiko, nā ētahi atu take rānei. He iti ake ngā tauira o te UHVDC. Ahakoa he maha ngā ara iahiko ±500 kV (iti iho rānei) huri noa i te ao, ko ngā ara iahiko mahi anake kei runga ake i tēnei paepae ko te pūnaha tuku hiko a Hydro-Québec i te 735 kV AC (mai i te tau 1965, 11 422 kiromita te roa i te tau 2018) me te kaupapa Itaipu ±600 kV i Brazil. I Rūhia, i tīmata te mahi hanga i tētahi raina hiko DC bipolar ±750 kV te roa, 2400 km te roa, te HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre, i te tau 1978 engari kāore i oti. I te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, i whakamaheretia he raina hiko 1333 kV mai i te Teihana Whakawhiti Celilo ki te Pā o Hoover i USA. Mō tēnei kaupapa, i hangaia he raina hiko whakamātautau poto e tata ana ki te Teihana Whakawhiti Celilo, engari kāore i hangaia te raina ki te Pā o Hoover.
Ngā take mō te tuku UHV i Haina
Ko te whakatau a Haina ki te whakamahi i te tuku hiko UHV i ahu mai i te mea kei tawhiti ngā rauemi hiko mai i ngā pokapū kawenga. Ko te nuinga o ngā rauemi hiko wai kei te hauauru, ā, kei te raki-mā-uru te waro, engari he nui ngā kawenga kei te rawhiti me te tonga. Hei whakaiti i ngā mate tuku hiko ki te taumata e taea te whakahaere, he kōwhiringa tika te tuku hiko UHV. E ai ki te panuitanga a te State Grid Corporation o Haina i te Huihuinga Ao 2009 mō te Tuku Hiko UHV i Beijing, ka haumi a Haina i te RMB 600 piriona (tata ki te US$88 piriona) ki te whanaketanga UHV i waenga i nāianei me te tau 2020.
Mā te whakatinanatanga o te whatunga UHV ka taea te hanga i ngā tipu whakaputa hiko hou ake, ma ake, me te whai hua ake, kia tawhiti atu i ngā pokapū taupori. Ka whakamutua ngā tipu hiko tawhito i te takutai. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te nui katoa o te parahanga o nāianei, me te parahanga e pāngia ana e ngā tāngata whenua i roto i ngā kāinga tāone. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā tipu hiko pokapū nui e whakarato ana i te whakamahana hiko he iti ake te parahanga i ngā kohua takitahi e whakamahia ana mō te whakamahana hotoke i roto i te maha o ngā whare o te raki. Ka āwhina te whatunga UHV i te mahere a Haina mō te hiko me te tango waro, ā, ka taea te whakauru i te pūngao whakahou mā te tango i te aukati tuku e whakawhāiti ana i te whakawhānui i te kaha whakaputa hau me te rā, me te whakawhanake tonu i te mākete mō ngā waka hiko tawhiti i Haina.
Ngā ara iahiko UHV kua oti, kei te hangaia rānei
Mai i te tau 2021, ko ngā ara iahiko UHV e whakahaerehia ana ko:
Ko ngā raina UHV kei te hangaia/kei te whakaritea ko:
Te tautohetohe mō te UHV
Kei te tautohetia tonutia mēnā ko te hanganga i whakaarohia e te State Grid Corporation o Haina he rautaki hei pupuri i te mana whakahaere kotahi, hei whawhai rānei ki te whakahoutanga o te whatunga hiko.
I mua i te Whakaaetanga o Parī, i meinga ai kia whakakorea te waro, te hinu me te hau, kua puta he tautohetohe mō te UHV mai i te tau 2004 i te wā i whakaarohia ai e te State Grid Corporation o Haina te whakaaro mō te hanganga UHV. Ko te tautohetohe i arohia ki te UHVAC, ko te whakaaro mō te hanga UHVDC kua whakaaetia whānuitia. Ko ngā take e whā kua whakarārangihia i raro nei ko ngā take e whā e kōrerohia ana.
- Ngā take haumaru me te pono: Nā te hanganga o ngā raina tuku hiko UHV, ka nui haere te hononga o te whatunga hiko huri noa i te motu. Mēnā ka puta he aituā i te raina kotahi, he uaua ki te whakawhāiti i te awe ki tētahi wāhi iti noa iho. Ko te tikanga tēnei kei te piki haere te tūponotanga o te mate hiko. Waihoki, tera pea ka ngāwari ake ki te mahi whakamataku.
- Take mākete: Ko ngā raina tuku hiko UHV katoa o te ao kei te mahi i tēnei wā i raro i te ngaohiko iti iho nā te mea kāore i te nui te tono. Me rangahau hohonu ake te pūmanawa o te tuku hiko tawhiti. Ahakoa kei te raki-mā-uru te nuinga o ngā rauemi waro, he uaua ki te hanga tipu hiko waro ki reira nā te mea he nui te wai e hiahiatia ana, ā, he rauemi iti tēnei i te raki-mā-uru o Haina. Ā, me te whanaketanga ōhanga i te taha hauauru o Haina, kua tino piki haere te tono hiko i ēnei tau.
- Ngā take taiao me te whai huatanga: E kī ana ētahi tohunga kāore e nui ake te penapena whenua mā ngā raina UHV ki te whakaritea ki te hanga ara rerewē tāpiri hei whakapiki i te kawe waro me te whakaputa hiko ā-rohe. Nā te korenga o te wai, ka araia te hanganga o ngā tipu hiko waro i te hauauru. Ko tētahi atu take ko te whai huatanga o te tuku hiko. He pai ake te whakamahi i te wera me te hiko whakakotahi i te taha kaiwhakamahi i te whakamahi i te hiko mai i ngā raina tuku hiko tawhiti.
- Take ōhanga: E kiia ana ko te tapeke o te haumitanga e 270 piriona RMB (tata ki te US$40 piriona), he nui ake te utu i te hanga i tētahi ara rerewē hou mō te kawe waro.
I te mea he whai wāhitanga te UHV ki te whakawhiti i te pūngao hou mai i ngā wāhi tūmatanui he nui te pūmanawa mō ngā whakaurunga nui o te mana hau me te photovoltaics. E kī ana te SGCC he kaha pea mō te mana hau o te 200 GW i te rohe o Xinjiang.
Te Kamupene Hiko D&F o Sichuan, Ltd.Hei kaihanga matua mō ngā rauemi whakamahana hiko, ngā wāhanga hanganga whakamahana hiko, te pae pahi whakakikoruatia, te pae pahi parahi pakari me te pae pahi ngāwari, ko mātou tētahi o ngā kaiwhakarato matua mō ngā wāhanga whakamahana me ngā pae pahi whakakikoruatia mō ēnei kaupapa tuku UHVDC ā-motu. Mō ētahi atu kōrero, tirohia taku paetukutuku mō ētahi atu kōrero mō ngā hua.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-01-2022
